Membrane sib cais tshuab tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev kho dej thev naus laus zis thoob plaws kev lag luam xws li cov dej haus hauv nroog thiab cov dej khib nyiab rov qab siv rau kev ua zaub mov, tshuaj, thiab dej hiav txwv desalination. Ntawm cov txheej txheem membrane muaj, Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), thiab Reverse Osmosis (RO) yog peb txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws. Txawm hais tias lawv txhua tus cia siab rau qhov siab- tsav cov membrane sib cais, lawv sib txawv hauv kev pom tseeb, kev sib cais mechanism, kev khiav hauj lwm siab, muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov kab mob, thiab cov ntawv thov tsim nyog.
Kev nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum xaiv txoj cai membrane. Xaiv ib daim nyias nyias tsis tsim nyog yuav ua rau cov nqi khiav haujlwm tsis tsim nyog, dej tsis txaus, lossis txo lub neej ntawm daim nyias nyias. Phau ntawv qhia no piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas UF, NF, thiab RO membranes ua haujlwm, sib piv lawv cov kev ua tau zoo, thiab sib tham txog qhov twg txhua lub tshuab siv tau zoo tshaj plaws.
Dab tsi yog UF, NF, thiab RO Membranes?
| Technology | Lub Npe | Cov ntawv luv | Hom Pore Loj |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultrafiltration | Ultrafiltration | UF | 10nm ua |
| Nanofiltration | Nanofiltration | NF | 1nm ua |
| Rov qab Osmosis | Rov qab Osmosis | RO | 0,1nm ua |
Qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov txheej txheem membrane yog pom tseeb. Ultrafiltration membranes feem ntau muaj qhov pore loj ntawm kwv yees li 10 nm, nanofiltration membranes nyob ib ncig ntawm 1 nm, thaum rov qab osmosis membranes muaj cov txheej txheem sib cais zoo sib npaug li roughly 0.1 nm. Raws li daim nyias nyias pores ua me me, lawv lub peev xwm los tsis lees txais cov tshuaj yaj yeeb nce. Yog li ntawd, RO daim nyias nyias muab qhov kev ua kom huv siab tshaj plaws, ua raws li NF, thaum UF feem ntau tshem tawm cov kab mob uas raug tshem tawm.
Txawm hais tias tag nrho peb daim nyias nyias yog siab -tsav tshuab, lawv cov kev khiav hauj lwm siab sib txawv heev. Ultrafiltration feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, nanofiltration feem ntau xav tau 0.3-0.7 MPa, thiab rov qab osmosis yuav tsum tau siab dua, ncav cuag 10.5 MPa rau seawater desalination systems. Qhov nce siab ua rau RO daim nyias nyias kom kov yeej lub ntuj osmotic siab thiab ua tiav kev sib sib zog nqus desalination.
Kev sib piv ceev ntawm UF vs NF vs RO
| Yam khoom | UF | NF | RO |
|---|---|---|---|
| Membrane Pore Loj | 10nm ua | 1nm ua | 0,1nm ua |
| Membrane Khoom | Hollow Fiber, Polysulfone, Ceramic | Polyamide | Polyamide Composite |
| Membrane Structure | Asymmetrical | Asymmetrical | Asymmetrical |
| Kev Ua Haujlwm Siab | Tsawg (0.1-0.5 MPa raug) | 0.3-0.7 MPa (0.7 MPa raug) | Txog li 10.5 MPa (nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov) |
| Tshem tawm cov khoom Suspended | Zoo heev | Zoo heev | Zoo heev |
| Tshem tawm cov kab mob | Zoo heev | Zoo heev | Zoo heev |
| Tshem Tawm Kab Mob | Zoo | Zoo heev | Zoo heev |
| Tshem tawm Hardness | Tsis muaj | Ib nrab | Yuav luag tiav |
| Tshem tawm Monovalent ntsev | Tsis muaj | Ib nrab | Zoo heev |
| Desalination tus nqi | Tsis muaj | Nruab nrab | Siab heev |
| Hom dej rov qab | Siab heev | Nruab nrab | Tsawg dua UF (nyob ntawm kev tsim) |
| Kev siv hluav taws xob | Tsawg | Nruab nrab | Siab tshaj |
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej meej txog qhov nce ntxiv ntawm kev sib cais ntawm UF mus rau NF thiab thaum kawg mus rau RO, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntsev yaj thiab ntau cov ions.
Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm UF, NF thiab RO rau ntau yam khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv mis thiab kua ua kua.
| Cheebtsam | UF | NF | RO |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dej | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Lactose | 0.8–0.9 | 0.02–0.15 | 0.001–0.002 |
| Chloride (Cl⁻) | 1.0 | 0.25–0.9 | 0.02–0.06 |
| Ash / K⁺ / Na⁺ | 0.9–0.97 | 0.15–0.5 | 0.01–0.025 |
| Phosphorus | 0.8–0.95 | 0.04–0.25 | 0.0007–0.0025 |
| Calcium / Magnesium | 0.8–0.9 | 0.03–0.2 | 0.0005–0.0015 |
| Kev lag luam | UF | NF | RO |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haus dej | Kev kho mob ua ntej | Dej Softening | Thaum kawg Purification |
| Cov mis nyuj | Whey Concentration | Whey Desalination | Whey Permeate Concentration |
| Khoom noj & dej haus | Kev qhia meej | Qab Zib sib cais | Dej ntshiab huv |
| Pharmaceutical | Kev kho mob ua ntej | Txheej Txheem Dej | High -Purity Dej |
| Electronics | Kev kho mob ua ntej | Ib nrab Demineralization | Ultrapure Dej |
| Dej hiav txwv Desalination | Kev kho mob ua ntej | Kev kho mob ua ntej | Main Desalination txheej txheem |
| Cov dej khib nyiab rov siv dua | Suspended Solids Tshem Tawm | Ib nrab Desalination | Cov dej tob tob Reclamation |
Txawm hais tias UF, NF, thiab RO yog tag nrho cov membrane filtration technologies, cov tshuaj uas lawv tshem tawm txawv heev vim hais tias ntawm lawv txawv pore qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab sib cais mechanisms.
Ultrafiltration feem ntau tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov kab mob macromolecular. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, xeb, colloids, algae, kab mob, thiab ntau yam kab mob, thaum tso cai rau yaj ntsev thiab cov zaub mov kom dhau mus. Yog li ntawd, UF txhim kho cov dej ntshiab yam tsis tau hloov pauv nws cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia.
Nanofiltration muab qib siab dua ntawm kev ua kom huv. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom tshem tawm thiab cov kab mob, NF daim nyias nyias tsis lees txais cov ions feem ntau xws li calcium, magnesium, thiab sulfate, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov dej softening. Lawv kuj tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem, tshuaj tua kab, dyes, thiab ntau cov organic molecules loj. Txawm li cas los xij, vim hais tias nanofiltration tsuas yog ib feem tsis lees txais cov ions monovalent xws li sodium thiab chloride, cov dej kho tseem muaj qee yam ntawm cov zaub mov yaj.
Rov qab osmosis muaj qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kab mob. Lub RO daim nyias nyias tau zoo tshem tawm cov ntsev yaj, hardness ions, hlau hnyav, kab mob, kab mob, fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, PFAS, thiab ntau lwm yam paug paug. Tsuas yog cov dej molecules thiab cov kab ntawm cov khoom me me tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv daim nyias nyias, tso cai rau RO systems tsim cov dej huv siab - cov dej huv uas haum rau cov dej haus, cov txheej txheem dej, thiab dej hiav txwv desalination.
| Pub Dej | Pom zoo Membrane | Yog vim li cas |
|---|---|---|
| Municipal Kais Dej | UF / NF / RO | Nyob ntawm qhov xav tau dej zoo |
| Nto Dej | UF + RO | Tshem tawm cov khib nyiab ua ntej desalination |
| Dej hauv av | NF lub RO | Tshem tawm hardness thiab yaj ntsev |
| Siab -TDS Dej Ntshiab | RO | High ntsev tsis kam yuav tsum tau |
| Dej hiav txwv | SWRO | Sib sib zog nqus desalination |
| Dej Dej | UF | Pretreatment zoo heev |
| Cov dej khib nyiab rov siv dua | UF + RO | High rov qab thiab purified rov qab siv |
| Khoom noj khoom haus | UF / NF / RO | Cov membrane sib txawv ua haujlwm sib txawv |
| Khoom noj & dej haus | NF / RO | Product concentration thiab purification |
